kmiainfo: A crime in the night of Iraq Who killed King Ghazi bin Faisal Al-Hashemi?! A crime in the night of Iraq Who killed King Ghazi bin Faisal Al-Hashemi?!

A crime in the night of Iraq Who killed King Ghazi bin Faisal Al-Hashemi?!

جريمة في ليل العراق.. من قتل الملك غازي بن فيصل الهاشمي؟!  محمد شعبان أيوب تبدو أحداث النصف الأول من القرن العشرين ذات طابع دموي في كثير منها، فما هَلّ ذلك القرن إلا ووقعت الحرب العالمية الأولى التي راح ضحيتها ملايين من البشر، وتغيّرت على إثرها الخارطة السياسية في كثير من أقطار العالم، وفي القلب منها الأقطار العربية التي شهدت أراضيها وقائع دموية، وأحداث سياسية مفصلية، وتغيّرات في مضامين الحكم والسلطوية.     وفي خضم تلك الأحداث، لعبت الأسرة الهاشمية بقيادة الشريف حسين وأبنائه وأحفاده دورا بارزا فيما سُمي بـ "الثورة العربية الكبرى" التي أدّت إلى صعود الخطاب القومي العربي، وهزيمة الأتراك العثمانيين، والتقارب مع البريطانيين، وقد ارتقى ثلاثة من أبنائه؛ وهم "علي وعبد الله وفيصل الأول" إلى سدة الحكم في كلٍّ من سوريا والعراق والحجاز.      وكان من أحفاد الشريف حسين الملك غازي الأول بن فيصل الأول الذي تقلّد حكم العراق في مرحلة مفصلية وخطيرة من تاريخ العراق والمنطقة العربية، فقد تقلّد شابا في ريعان شبابه في الحادية والعشرين من عُمره، وتوفي شابا في السابعة والعشرين من عمره، على أن وفاته كانت ولا تزال غامضة تُحيط بها الأقاويل والشُّبهات، وتتناولها أيدي المؤرخين بالتحليل والتأمل والنتائج التي ترتبت عليها.  الملك غازي الأول بن فيصل الأول فكيف حكم الهاشميون العراق؟ وكيف تعاملوا مع سلطة الاحتلال البريطاني؟ وما سياسة الملك غازي الأول؟ وكيف رآه سياسيو عصره لا سيما كبارهم أمثال نوري باشا السعيد الذي تقلّد رئاسة الوزراء العراقية لعدة مرات؟ وكيف كان مشهد مقتله أو اغتياله وآراء المؤرخين فيه؟ ذلك ما سنراه في قصتنا التالية.     سقوط العثمانيين وصعود الهاشميين كان العراق منذ القرن السادس عشر الميلادي تحت السيادة العثمانية، مثله مثل الأقطار العربية القريبة كسوريا ومصر والحجاز وسواحل الخليج وغيرها، وقد ارتضى العراقيون بالحكم العثماني الذي دخل في طور من الضعف في نهايات القرن التاسع عشر أمام المتغيرات العالمية بصعود روسيا وبريطانيا وفرنسا وألمانيا، وكانت السياسة البريطانية في عداء واضح مع الألمان الذي دخلوا في تحالف مع الدولة العثمانية، وهدفوا إلى إنشاء خط سكة حديد من برلين إلى بغداد، الأمر الذي اعتبره الإنجليز تهديدا لمصالحهم في الشرق الأوسط.      وحين قامت الحرب العالمية الأولى (1914-1918م) استغل الإنجليز التحالف العثماني الألماني وهاجموا العراق، فاستطاعوا احتلال البصرة والمناطق المحيطة بها في العام 1914، وبعد سلسلة من المعارك في مواجهة الأتراك العثمانيين لاقوا فيها هزيمة ساحقة في معركة كوت العمارة في العام 1916م، استطاع الإنجليز أخيرا، وبعد هزيمة العثمانيين في أكثر من جبهة مثل قناة السويس والبلقان والقوقاز وغيرها، استطاعوا احتلال بغداد ثم فرض السيطرة الكاملة على العراق في نهاية الحرب العالمية في العام 1918م[1].  معركة كوت العمارة عام 1916م وقد كانت السيطرة البريطانية على الأقطار العربية في مواجهة العثمانيين بمساندة عربية علنية من قوات أمير الحجاز الشريف حسين وأبنائه علي وعبد الله ولا سيما الأمير فيصل الأول بن الحسين، الذين استطاعوا إخراج الأتراك من الحجاز والأردن وفلسطين وسوريا، فضلا عن العراق، كاتفاق ضمني بين الطرفين بقيام الخلافة العربية أو الدولة العربية الكبرى في هذه الأقطار.      بيد أن نكوص البريطانيين والفرنسيين وخداعهم للعرب بعد اتفاق سايكس بيكو، واتفاق سان ريمو بإيطاليا في العام 1920م، ووضع المنطقة العربية الواقعة بين البحر المتوسط وإيران تحت سلطة الانتدابين البريطاني والفرنسي قد كشف عن حجم الخداع الذي تعرّض له العرب في تلك الأقاليم ومن جملتها العراق الذي رأى خداع بريطانيا لحليفه الأمير فيصل الهاشمي، الأمر الذي ولّدَ شعورا كبيرا بالكراهية والعداء، وتسبّب في ظهور الحركات الوطنية والانتفاضات الثورية المطالبة بالاستقلال، مثل حركة وثورة عام 1920م التي أجبرت الإنجليز على التوجه إلى الأسرة الهاشمية من جديد، فعُيِّن فيصل الأول بن الشريف حسين ملكا على العراق في 23 أغسطس/آب 1921م[2].     وقد سعى الملك فيصل الأول إلى الاستقلال وإنهاء الانتداب البريطاني على العراق، وبعد مفاوضات مضنية بين الجانبين أُبرمت معاهدة عام 1922م التي دارت نصوصها حول الالتزام بتقبُّل نصوص المعاهدة مع تقبُّل المشورة والمساعدة البريطانية في كل ما يتعلق بالشؤون المالية من المعتمد البريطاني، وعدم تأجير العراق أو تنازله عن أي جزء من أراضيه لأية دولة أجنبية، وعدم إقامة علاقات سياسية مع الدول الأجنبية الأخرى إلا بموافقة بريطانيا التي تتحمل رعاية المصالح العراقية في الخارج، وغيرها من النصوص الأخرى التي حوّلت صيغة الانتداب إلى صيغة أقرب إلى الاستقلال والحكم الذاتي تحت إدارة وإشراف بريطانيا، مع توقيع بروتوكول في العام التالي تحدّد فيه إنهاء قضايا الحدود الشمالية مع تركيا والغربية مع السعوديين، والاستقرار الداخلي والمحافظة على الأمن، وإجراء انتخابات المجلس التأسيسي[3].  الملك فيصل الأول وقد حدث تعديل وإضافات في هذه المعاهدة فيما بعد، ودخل العراق في عصبة الأمم كدولة مستقلة، لكن الإدارة والسياسة البريطانية كانت لا تزال تُكبِّل الاستقلال التام، وتتدخّل في السياسة والشؤون الداخلية، وتستخدم بعض القواعد والمطارات العسكرية، وظلّت الأوضاع على تلك الحال حتى السابع من سبتمبر/أيلول 1933م، حيث توفي الملك فيصل الأول فجأة في مدينة بيرن السويسرية، وكان مريضا بالقلب[4]؛ ليخلفه من بعده ابنه الملك غازي الأول، ذلك الشاب اليافع الذي ستشهد السياسة العراقية في عهده القصير تغيُّرا ملحوظا.      الملك غازي الأول وسياسة الندية وُلد الملك غازي الأول في مدينة مكة المكرمة في عام 1911م، وقد جاء إلى بغداد مع والدته وشقيقاته في عام 1923م، وتلقى ثقافته الأولية في مدارس الحجاز، ثم على يد مجموعة من الأساتذة الإنجليز في بغداد، وقد سافر إلى لندن في مارس/آذار 1926م، ودرس في كلية هارو، وعند رجوعه إلى العراق درس في الكلية العسكرية لمدة أربع سنوات، وتعلم ركوب الخيل بمهارة، لكن تُشير التقارير إلى أن تقدُّمه العلمي والعسكري كان ضعيفا، وأصبح ولي عهد لوالده الملك فيصل الأول، ثم عمل نائبا للملك على العرش خلال غياب والده الأخير عن العراق في صيف سنة 1933م[5].     حين ارتقى غازي إلى عرش العراق أبلغ السفير البريطاني آنذاك همفريس بأنه سينتهج سياسة والده التي اعتمدت على الصداقة والتعاون الكامل والتحالف مع بريطانيا، بيد أن الواقع أن غازي لم يكن بالملك الذي أرادته بريطانيا، فقد كان شابا وطنيا متحمسا، وقف على مساوئ البريطانيين ووعودهم الكاذبة لجدّه الشريف حسين وللعرب، فنشأ على كُرههم، وكان يُعرقل الحكومات العراقية الموالية لهم، ويرفض التعاون المطلق مع شركة النفط البريطانية الأجنبية، وعلى الرغم من أن خطواته كانت ضئيلة وضعيفة في وجه الهيمنة البريطانية فإن إعلانه المتكرر عن ضرورة قيام حكومة وطنية تخدم الشعب العراقي أولا أعطاه شعبية في الشارع العراقي[6].      وكنتيجة لمقته لبريطانيا وسياستها تقرب غازي من الألمان، الذين أهدوه معدات لإنشاء إذاعة جديدة، جعلها في قصر الحكم، وأطلق عليها اسم "راديو قصر الزهور"، وكان يتولى بنفسه إذاعة الأخبار والتعليقات بالتعاون مع كبار الضباط العراقيين، وهو ما اعتبرته بريطانيا دعاية وطنية وقومية حادّة، فازدادت شعبيته في الدول العربية المجاورة، لا سيما في سوريا والكويت والأردن، إلى الدرجة التي وافق فيها المجلس الكويتي بأغلبية عشرة نواب من أصل أربعة عشر على الوحدة مع العراق تحت حكم الملك غازي[7]، الأمر الذي اعتبرته بريطانيا تهديدا لمصالحها وخططها في الشرق الأوسط.   كانت السياسة البريطانية تميل إلى نوري السعيد الذي تقلّد رئاسة الوزراء ووزارة الخارجية عدة مرات، وكان رجل الإنجليز في العراق، فضلا عن بعض أفراد الأسرة الهاشمية الذين رأوا في تصرفات غازي تهديدا لوجودهم، ومن هنا أصبح غازي موضع رصد خاص، وجاء على لسان السفير البريطاني في إحدى برقياته: "إن الملك غازي يجب أن يُسيطر عليه أو يُخلع"[8].      انقلاب فاشل وتسارع الأحداث منذ صيف عام 1936م، بعد ثلاث سنوات فقط على حُكم الملك غازي، كانت الوثائق البريطانية تتناول مسألة البديل الذي يمكن أن يحل محل غازي من الأسرة الهاشمية، مثل الأمير نايف بن عبد الله بن الحسين والأمير عبد الإله بن علي بن الحسين أبناء عم غازي، وكان عبد الإله من الشخصيات المقربة للإنجليز، ويبدو أن هذه المسألة خرجت آنذاك من نطاق الغرف المغلقة إلى الشائعات العامة، مما شجع الفريق بكر صدقي على القيام بانقلاب 29 أكتوبر/تشرين الأول 1936م، وكان مما ذُكِر في أمر تلك الحركة أن "الوزارة الهاشمية كانت تنوي خلع صاحب الجلالة (الملك غازي)"[9].     إلا أن انقلاب بكر صدقي لم يلقَ الدعم الكافي، وسرعان ما فشل، وأُلقي القبض عليه وإعدامه، وخافت بريطانيا من التقارب الوثيق بين الجيش والملك غازي، فأوعزت إلى نوري السعيد بإعلان الأحكام العرفية، والقضاء على أية بؤرة عسكرية تُهدِّد مصالحها وذلك في 5 مارس/آذار 1939م.    كان الملك غازي يشعر بأهمية الجيش العراقي وضرورة إعداده جيدا ليكون جاهزا للقيام بدوره في استكمال تحرير العراق وتحقيق الوحدة ودعم القضايا القومية، وأن المهمة الأولى له أن يقوم بإنهاء السيطرة البريطانية تمهيدا لأداء العراق دوره القومي، وقد تغذى الملك على تلك المفاهيم من خلال وجود الأندية الاجتماعية ذات النشاط السياسي، فضلا عن احتكاكه بضباط الجيش الذين يحملون الأفكار القومية، وقد أبدى غازي اهتمامه بالجيش العراقي وتطويره وتقويته ومتابعة أنشطته، حتى غدا الملك ملجأ للضباط الذين يصطدمون بضباط البعثة العسكرية البريطانية، فيُقدِّم لهم المساعدة ويُساندهم ويحثّهم على عدم الاهتمام بالضباط البريطانيين[10].     وهكذا بدا الموقف عشية مقتل الملك غازي أن ثمة صراعا بين اتجاهين؛ الأول يقوده الملك غازي ويؤيده عدد كبير من ضباط الجيش ورئيس الديوان الملكي رشيد عالي الكيلاني، وكلهم من الداعين للانعتاق التام من الهيمنة البريطانية، والمطالبين بالوحدة العربية لا سيما مع الكويت وغيرها، وقد أبدى الملك غازي فوق ذلك تقاربا مع الألمان في لحظات مفصلية كان العداء فيها قويا بين بريطانيا وألمانيا قُبيل الحرب العالمية الثانية (سبتمبر/أيلول 1939م-مايو/أيار 1945م)، وبين فريق آخر على رأسه بريطانيا ورئيس الوزراء نوري السعيد والأمير عبد الإله بن علي الهاشمي ابن عم الملك وأخو الملكة عالية زوجة غازي.      مقتل الملك غازي ومشهد النهاية بات بقاء الملك غازي على رأس السلطة في العراق يُثير المشكلات في وجه بريطانيا، وأصبح يُهدِّد مصالحها في العراق والمنطقة، فكان التخلُّص منه أمرا ضروريا وحتميا في نظر بريطانيا، وفي صباح الرابع من إبريل/نيسان 1939م، نعى مجلس الوزراء الملك غازي على إثر اصطدام سيارته التي يقودها بنفسه بالعمود الكهربائي الواقع بالقرب من قصر الحارثية القريب من قصر الزهور الذي يقيم فيه، فهوى العمود على السيارة وأصاب رأس الملك إصابة بليغة أودت به[11].  مقتل الملك غازي على إثر اصطدام سيارته التي يقودها بنفسه بالعمود الكهربائي الواقع بالقرب من قصر الحارثية أدّى الغموض في مقتل الملك غازي وانعدام الوثائق الرسمية حوله إلى وجود آراء مختلفة في تفسير هذا الحادث، فبينما وصفت الأميرة بديعة بنت علي بن الحسين ابنة عم الملك غازي وأخت الملكة عالية في مذكراتها "وريثة العروش" أن سبب مقتل الملك غازي الأول كان انهماكه على الشراب والخمر الأمر الذي أدى إلى حادثة السيارة التي أودت به[12]، تروي عصمت فهمي زوجة ابن نوري السعيد تلك الأجواء قائلة:      "كان للملك غازي ولع خاص باقتناء السيارات واختبار سرعتها، بل كان من أفضل هواياته قيادة سيارات السباق والانطلاق بها بسرعة فائقة في المناطق النائية التي تحيط بمدينة بغداد مع لفيف من المرافقين أو الأصدقاء المقربين، وكان أغلب هؤلاء الضباط والطيارين الذين يميلون إلى ألعاب البطولة والمجازفات… وبعد دقائق معدودة دوى صوت المحرك من جديد، وانطلقت السيارة الملكية بعنف إلى الطريق العام المرتفع فعبرته بقوة، ثم انحرفت لتتجه إلى طريق الحارثية، لم يمر على صعودها إلا بعض ثوانٍ وإذا بالسيارة ترتطم عند وصولها إلى حافة الطريق بعمود النور فتخلعه بعنف وتنحدر بركابها من أعلى الطريق لتستقر بعد ذلك أسفل الحقل المقابل لقصر الزهور… وتبيّن أن العمود الثقيل عند سقوطه وقع على السيارة فكسر ذراع عبد الله الجالس في المقعد الخلفي… كما أصاب طرف العمود مؤخرة رأس الملك غازي، فكانت الضربة القاضية"[13].     أما الرأي الآخر والشائع، فيؤكد أن بريطانيا وأذرعها هي التي دبّرت مقتل غازي، وكانت المستفيد الأول من حادث الاغتيال، فضلا عن رجلها رئيس الوزراء نوري السعيد الذي يبدو أنه وولده صباح تناقلا الحديث عن ضرورة التخلص من الملك غازي قبل تلك الحادثة، وبل وقد تواصل نوري السعيد مع السفير البريطاني وقدّم له خطة لتنصيب الأمير زيد الهاشمي بدلا من الملك غازي[14].      ويبدو أن هذا الرأي قد تأكد أو تعضّد بعد مقتل غازي بأكثر من خمسة وثلاثين عاما حين التقى عبد الرزاق الحسيني مؤلف كتاب "تاريخ الوزارات العراقية" في يوم 8 إبريل/نيسان 1975م بالدكتور صائب شوكت طبيب الملك غازي الخاص، وأول مَن قام بمعاينته بعد الحادث مباشرة، يقول ذلك الطبيب:  "كنت أول مَن فحص الملك غازي بناء على طلب السيدين [نوري السعيد] و[رستم حيدر، أحد الوزراء] لمعرفة درجة الخطر الذي يحيق بحياته، وأن نوري السعيد طلب إليّ أن أقول في تقريري إن الحادث كان نتيجة اصطدام سيارة الملك بعمود الكهرباء، وأنا أعتقد أنه قد قُتل نتيجة ضربة على أمّ رأسه بقضيب حديدي بشدة، وربما استُخدم شقيق الخادم الذي قُتل في القصر (قبل وفاة غازي بمدة قليلة)، والذي كان معه في السيارة لتنفيذ عملية الاغتيال، فقد جِيء بالخادم فور وقوع العملية إليّ وكان مصابا بخلع في ذراعه، وقمتُ بإعادة الذراع إلى وضعه الطبيعي، ثم اختفى الخادم ومعه عامل اللا سلكي منذ ذلك اليوم وإلى الأبد، ولا أحد يعرف عن مصيرهما حتى يومنا هذا"[15].    كما التقى عبد الرزاق الحسيني بوزير الداخلية العراقي أثناء حكم الملك غازي والشاهد على وفاته، وهو ناجي شوكت، وسأله عن حقيقة مقتل الملك غازي، ليُجيبه قائلا:  "لقد احتفظتُ بسرٍّ دفين لسنين طويلة، وها قد جاء الآن الوقت لإفشائه، كانت آثار البِشر والمسرَّة طافحة على وجوه نوري السعيد، ورستم حيدر، ورشيد عالي الكيلاني، وطه الهاشمي، بعد أن تأكدوا من وفاة الملك، وكان هؤلاء الأربعة قد تضرّروا من انقلاب بكر صدقي، واتهموا الملك غازي بأنه كان على علم بالانقلاب، وأنا أعتقد أن لعبد الإله ونوري السعيد مساهمة فعلية في فاجعة الملك غازي"[16].      ويبدو هذا الرأي منطقيا، إذ أدّى مقتل الملك غازي إلى إتاحة الفرصة للبريطانيين أن يعملوا بحرية تامة وبدون منغصات، فالساسة الذين شكّلوا النخبة الحاكمة آنذاك مثل نوري السعيد رئيس الوزراء، والأمير عبد الإله بن علي الهاشمي ابن عم الملك القتيل والوصي على عرش ابن أخته فيصل الثاني وغيرهم، كانوا من أنصار بريطانيا، في المقابل كان مقتل الملك غازي قد أثار نقمة الشارع العراقي الذي اتهم الإنجليز ونوري السعيد بتدبير هذا الحادث، واتهم الإنجليزُ الألمان بترديد هذه الدعاية والترويج لها، وكان رد فعل الشارع العراقي عنيفا، حتى إن جماهير الموصل قد هاجمت القنصلية البريطانية وقتلت القنصل البريطاني المستر مونك ميسن[17].     ويبدو أن ردة فعل الشارع العراقي هذه قد اضطرت نوري السعيد وجبهته إلى الدعوة للإصلاح، بيد أن سنوات الملك الصغير فيصل الثاني تحت وصاية خاله الأمير عبد الإله الهاشمي لم تسِر وفق ما ظنه العراقيون، وعلى رأسهم الجيش، ليدخل العراق في دوامة من الاضطرابات والفوضى أدّت في نهاية المطاف إلى القضاء على الملكية والانتقام من الأسرة الهاشمية بالقتل والإعدام.  __________________________________________________  المصادر: كمال ديب: زلزال في أرض الشقاق ص54- 60. محمد سهيل طقوش: تاريخ العراق الحديث والمعاصر ص125- 129. عبد الرزاق الحسني 2/43. جهاد صالح العمر: العراق في التاريخ ص682- 683. رجاء حسني الخطاب: حول مصير الملك غازي ص411. محمد سهيل طقوش: السابق ص162. كمال ديب: السابق ص66. Maurice Peterson, Both Sides of Curtain, p. 151. البيان رقم 1001 لانقلاب بكر صدقي. لطفي فرج: الملك غازي ص72، 73. جريدة الاستقلال العراقية، 5 نيسان 1939م. مذكرات وريثة العروش. عصمت السعيد: نوري السعيد ص43. رجاء الحسيني: حول مصير الملك غازي ص419. حديث الدكتور صائب شوكت مع الحسني في 8 نيسان 1975 عبد الرزاق الحسني: تاريخ الوزارات العراقية 5/81. خالد الحمداني: من ذاكرة التاريخ، الحوار المتمدن. المصدر : الجزيرة      A crime in the night of Iraq Who killed King Ghazi bin Faisal Al-Hashemi?!  Muhammad Shaban Ayoub The events of the first half of the twentieth century seem to have a bloody character in many of them. It was not until that century that the First World War occurred, which claimed the lives of millions of people, and as a result changed the political map in many countries of the world, in the heart of which are the Arab countries whose lands witnessed events Bloody, pivotal political events, and changes in the contents of governance and authoritarianism.   In the midst of these events, the Hashemite family led by Sharif Hussein and his sons and grandsons played a prominent role in the so-called “Great Arab Revolt,” which led to the rise of the Arab nationalist discourse, the defeat of the Ottoman Turks, and rapprochement with the British. Three of his sons rose to prominence; They are "Ali, Abdullah and Faisal I" to rule in Syria, Iraq and the Hijaz.  He was one of the grandchildren of Sharif Hussein, King Ghazi I bin Faisal I, who assumed the rule of Iraq at a critical and dangerous stage in the history of Iraq and the Arab region. It is still vague, surrounded by gossip and suspicious, and the hands of historians treat it with analysis, contemplation, and the results it entails.  King Ghazi I bin Faisal I How did the Hashemites rule Iraq? How did they deal with the British occupation authority? What is the policy of King Ghazi I? And how did the politicians of his time, especially the great ones like Nuri Pasha Al-Saeed, who held the Iraqi prime ministership for several times, view him? And how was the scene of his murder or assassination, and the opinions of historians about it? That's what we'll see in our next story.   The fall of the Ottomans and the rise of the Hashemites Since the sixteenth century AD, Iraq has been under Ottoman sovereignty, just like the nearby Arab countries such as Syria, Egypt, Hijaz, the Gulf coasts and others. The Iraqis accepted the Ottoman rule, which entered a phase of weakness at the end of the nineteenth century in the face of global changes with the rise of Russia, Britain, France and Germany, and the policy was The British are in clear hostility with the Germans, who entered into an alliance with the Ottoman Empire, and aimed to establish a railway from Berlin to Baghdad, which the British considered a threat to their interests in the Middle East.   And when the First World War (1914-1918 AD), the British took advantage of the Ottoman-German alliance and attacked Iraq, and they were able to occupy Basra and its surrounding areas in 1914. Finally, after defeating the Ottomans on more than one front, such as the Suez Canal, the Balkans, the Caucasus, and others, they were able to occupy Baghdad and then impose complete control over Iraq at the end of the World War in 1918 [1].  Battle of Kut al-Amarah in 1916 AD The British control over the Arab countries was in the face of the Ottomans, with open Arab support from the forces of the Prince of Hejaz, Sharif Hussein, and his sons Ali and Abdullah, especially Prince Faisal I bin Hussein, who were able to drive the Turks out of the Hejaz, Jordan, Palestine and Syria, as well as Iraq, as a tacit agreement between the two parties by establishing The Arab caliphate or the great Arab state in these countries.  However, the British and French backtracking and their deception of the Arabs after the Sykes-Picot Agreement and the San Remo Agreement in Italy in 1920 AD, and the placing of the Arab region between the Mediterranean and Iran under the authority of the British and French mandates, revealed the extent of the deception that the Arabs were subjected to in those regions, including Iraq, which saw Britain deceived his ally Prince Faisal al-Hashemi, which generated a great feeling of hatred and hostility, and caused the emergence of national movements and revolutionary uprisings demanding independence, such as the movement and revolution of 1920 AD, which forced the British to go to the Hashemite family again, so Faisal I bin Sharif Hussein was appointed King of Iraq On August 23, 1921 [2].   King Faisal I sought independence and the termination of the British Mandate over Iraq, and after strenuous negotiations between the two sides, a treaty was concluded in 1922 CE, the texts of which revolved around the obligation to accept the texts of the treaty with the acceptance of British advice and assistance in everything related to financial affairs from the British commissioner, and not to lease or concede Iraq. For any part of its territory to any foreign country, and not to establish political relations with other foreign countries except with the approval of Britain, which bears looking after Iraqi interests abroad, and other texts that transformed the mandate formula into a formula closer to independence and self-government under the administration and supervision of Britain, with the signature of A protocol the following year in which the issues of the northern border with Turkey and the western border with the Saudis were to be determined, internal stability and the maintenance of security, and the holding of the Constituent Assembly elections[3].  King Faisal I Amendments and additions took place in this treaty later, and Iraq entered the League of Nations as an independent country, but the British administration and policy were still shackles full independence, and interfered in politics and internal affairs, and used some military bases and airports, and the situation remained that way until the seventh of September September 1933 AD, when King Faisal I died suddenly in the Swiss city of Bern, and he was sick with a heart [4]; He was succeeded by his son, King Ghazi I, the young man who, during his short reign, will witness a remarkable change in Iraqi politics.   King Ghazi I and the politics of equality King Ghazi I was born in the holy city of Mecca in 1911 AD, and he came to Baghdad with his mother and sisters in 1923 AD, and received his primary education in the schools of the Hijaz, then at the hands of a group of English professors in Baghdad, and he traveled to London in March 1926 AD. He studied at Harrow College, and upon his return to Iraq he studied at the Military College for four years, and learned to ride horses skillfully, but reports indicate that his scientific and military progress was weak, and he became the crown prince of his father, King Faisal I, and then served as deputy king on the throne during his father's absence. The last one was about Iraq in the summer of 1933 AD [5].   When Ghazi ascended to the throne of Iraq, the British ambassador at the time informed Humphreys that he would follow the policy of his father, which relied on friendship, full cooperation and alliance with Britain. Sharif Hussein and the Arabs, so he grew up hating them, obstructing the Iraqi governments loyal to them, and refusing absolute cooperation with the British foreign oil company. In the Iraqi street [6].   As a result of his hatred for Britain and its policy, Ghazi became close to the Germans, who gave him equipment to establish a new radio, which he placed in the Palace of Government, and called it “Radio Palace of Flowers.” His popularity increased in the neighboring Arab countries, especially in Syria, Kuwait and Jordan, to the extent that the Kuwaiti Council, by a majority of ten representatives out of fourteen, agreed to unite with Iraq under King Ghazi[7], which Britain considered a threat to its interests and plans in the east. middle.  British policy tended to Nuri al-Said, who held the prime ministership and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs several times, and was the man of the English in Iraq, as well as some members of the Hashemite family who saw Ghazi’s actions as a threat to their existence, and from here Ghazi became the subject of special monitoring. One of his telegrams: "King Ghazi must be taken over or deposed"[8].   A failed coup and the acceleration of events Since the summer of 1936 AD, only three years after the rule of King Ghazi, British documents have been dealing with the issue of a replacement that could replace Ghazi from the Hashemite family, such as Prince Nayef bin Abdullah bin Al Hussein and Prince Abdul Ilah bin Ali bin Al Hussein, Ghazi’s cousins, and he was Abd al-Ilah is one of the personalities close to the English, and it seems that this issue at that time went out of the scope of closed rooms to general rumors, which encouraged Lieutenant-General Bakr Sidqi to carry out the coup of October 29, 1936 AD, and it was mentioned in the matter of that movement that “the Hashemite Ministry intended to remove His Majesty (King Ghazi)"[9].   However, Bakr Sidqi’s coup did not receive sufficient support, and soon it failed, and he was arrested and executed, and Britain was afraid of the close rapprochement between the army and King Ghazi, so it instructed Nuri al-Saeed to declare martial law, and to eliminate any military outpost that threatens its interests, on March 5 1939 AD.  King Ghazi felt the importance of the Iraqi army and the need to prepare it well to be ready to play its role in completing the liberation of Iraq, achieving unity and supporting national issues, and that his first task was to end British control in preparation for Iraq to perform its national role, and the king fed on those concepts through the presence of social clubs The same political activity, as well as his contact with army officers who carry nationalist ideas. Ghazi showed his interest in the Iraqi army, its development and strengthening, and its activities, until the king became a refuge for officers who clash with officers of the British military mission, offering them assistance and support and urging them not to care about British officers [10].   Thus, on the eve of King Ghazi's murder, the situation appeared to be a conflict between two trends. The first is led by King Ghazi and supported by a large number of army officers and the Chief of the Royal Court Rashid Ali Al-Kilani. A strong relationship between Britain and Germany before World War II (September 1939-May 1945), and between another group headed by Britain, Prime Minister Nuri Al-Saeed and Prince Abdul-Ilah bin Ali Al-Hashemi, cousin of the king and brother of Queen Alia, Ghazi's wife.   The killing of King Ghazi and the end scene The survival of King Ghazi at the helm of power in Iraq is raising problems in the face of Britain, and threatening its interests in Iraq and the region, so getting rid of him was necessary and inevitable in the eyes of Britain, and on the morning of the fourth of April 1939 AD, the Council of Ministers mourned King Ghazi following the collision of his car Which he drives himself using the electric pole located near the Al-Harithiya Palace near the Flower Palace in which he resides.  King Ghazi was killed when his car collided with the electric pole near Al-Harithiya Palace The ambiguity in the killing of King Ghazi and the lack of official documents about him led to the existence of different opinions on the interpretation of this incident, while Princess Badi’ah bint Ali bin Al Hussein, the cousin of King Ghazi and sister of Queen Alia, described in her memoirs “The Heiress of Thrones” that the cause of King Ghazi I’s killing was his preoccupation with drinking. And alcohol, which led to the car accident that killed him[12]. Ismat Fahmy, the wife of Ibn Nuri al-Saeed, narrates this atmosphere, saying:  “King Ghazi had a special fondness for owning cars and testing their speed. Rather, one of his best hobbies was driving racing cars and driving them at high speed in the remote areas surrounding the city of Baghdad with a group of escorts or close friends, and most of these officers and pilots were inclined to championship games and risks… After a few minutes, the engine roared again, and the royal car sped violently to the high highway and crossed it forcefully, then veered to head towards Al-Harithiya Road. After that, the road settled under the field opposite the Flower Palace… It turned out that the heavy column when it fell on the car broke the arm of Abdullah, who was sitting in the back seat… The end of the column also hit the back of King Ghazi’s head, which was the final blow”[13].   As for the other and popular opinion, it confirms that Britain and its proxies masterminded the killing of Ghazi, and were the first beneficiary of the assassination, as well as its man, Prime Minister Nuri al-Saeed, who appears to have spoken about the necessity of getting rid of King Ghazi before that incident, and even Nuri continued Al-Saeed with the British ambassador and presented him with a plan to install Prince Zeid Al-Hashemi in place of King Ghazi[14].  It seems that this opinion was confirmed or reinforced more than thirty-five years after the killing of Ghazi, when Abdul Razzaq Al-Husseini, author of the book “The History of the Iraqi Ministries,” met on April 8, 1975 AD with Dr. Saeb Shawkat, King Ghazi’s private physician, and the first person who examined him immediately after the accident. That doctor says:  "I was the first to examine King Ghazi at the request of Messrs. [Nuri al-Saeed] and [Rustom Haider, one of the ministers] to find out the degree of danger to his life, and that Nuri al-Saeed asked me to say in my report that the accident was the result of the king's car colliding with an electric pole, and I I believe that he was killed as a result of a blow to the head with an iron rod severely. Perhaps the brother of the servant who was killed in the palace (a little before Ghazi's death), and who was with him in the car, was used to carry out the assassination. The servant was brought to me immediately after the operation and he had a dislocated arm And I returned the arm to its normal position, then the server and the wireless operator disappeared from that day and forever, and no one knows their fate to this day.”[15]  Abd al-Razzaq al-Husseini also met with the Iraqi Minister of Interior during the reign of King Ghazi and the witness to his death, Naji Shawkat, and asked him about the truth about the killing of King Ghazi, to answer him saying:  “I kept a secret buried for many years, and now the time has come to reveal it, the traces of people and joy were swirling on the faces of Nuri Al-Saeed, Rustam Haider, Rashid Ali Al-Kilani, and Taha Al-Hashimi, after they confirmed the king’s death, and these four were affected by Bakr’s coup. Believe me, they accused King Ghazi of being aware of the coup, and I believe that Abd al-Ilah and Nuri al-Saeed had an actual contribution to the tragedy of King Ghazi”[16].  This opinion seems logical, as the killing of King Ghazi gave the British the opportunity to work freely and without disturbances. The politicians who formed the ruling elite at the time, such as Nuri al-Said, the Prime Minister, and Prince Abd al-Ilah bin Ali al-Hashemi, cousin of the slain king and guardian of the throne of his nephew Faisal II And others, who were supporters of Britain, on the other hand, the killing of King Ghazi sparked the resentment of the Iraqi street, which accused the British and Nuri al-Saeed of masterminding this incident, and the British accused the Germans of repeating and promoting this propaganda, and the reaction of the Iraqi street was violent, even the masses of Mosul attacked the Consulate The British killed the British Consul, Mr. Monk Mason [17].   It seems that this reaction of the Iraqi street has forced Nuri al-Saeed and his front to call for reform, but the years of the young King Faisal II under the tutelage of his uncle Prince Abdul Ilah al-Hashemi did not go according to what the Iraqis thought, led by the army, to enter Iraq into a cycle of turmoil and chaos that led to Ultimately, to eliminate the monarchy and take revenge on the Hashemite family with death and execution.  (Source : Al Jazeera) __________________________________________________  Sources: 1.Kamal Deeb: Earthquake in the Land of Discord, p. 54-60. 2.Muhammad Suhail Taqqosh: A History of Modern and Contemporary Iraq, pp. 125-129. 3.Abdul Razzaq Al-Hasani 2/43. 4.Jihad Saleh Al-Omar: Iraq in History pp. 682-683. 5.Raja Hosni Al-Khattab: On the Fate of King Ghazi, pg. 411. 6.Muhammad Suhail Taqqosh: Previous pg. 162. 7.Kamal Deeb: Previous pg. 66. 8.Maurice Peterson, Both Sides of Curtain, p. 151. 9.Statement No. 1001 of the coup Bakr Sidqi. 10.Lutfi Faraj: King Ghazi pp. 72, 73. 11.Al-Istiqlal newspaper, April 5, 1939 AD. 12.Memoirs of the heiress of thrones . 13.Ismat Al-Saeed: Nuri Al-Saeed, p. 43. 14.Rajaa Al-Husseini: On the Fate of King Ghazi, pg. 419. 15.Dr. Saeb Shawkat’s interview with Al-Hasani on April 8, 1975 16.Abdul Razzaq Al-Hasani: History of the Iraqi Ministries 5/81. 17.Khaled Al-Hamdani: From the memory of history, the civilized dialogue .

A crime in the night of Iraq Who killed King Ghazi bin Faisal Al-Hashemi?!


Muhammad Shaban Ayoub
The events of the first half of the twentieth century seem to have a bloody character in many of them. It was not until that century that the First World War occurred, which claimed the lives of millions of people, and as a result changed the political map in many countries of the world, in the heart of which are the Arab countries whose lands witnessed events Bloody, pivotal political events, and changes in the contents of governance and authoritarianism. 

In the midst of these events, the Hashemite family led by Sharif Hussein and his sons and grandsons played a prominent role in the so-called “Great Arab Revolt,” which led to the rise of the Arab nationalist discourse, the defeat of the Ottoman Turks, and rapprochement with the British. Three of his sons rose to prominence; They are "Ali, Abdullah and Faisal I" to rule in Syria, Iraq and the Hijaz.

He was one of the grandchildren of Sharif Hussein, King Ghazi I bin Faisal I, who assumed the rule of Iraq at a critical and dangerous stage in the history of Iraq and the Arab region. It is still vague, surrounded by gossip and suspicious, and the hands of historians treat it with analysis, contemplation, and the results it entails.

King Ghazi I bin Faisal I
How did the Hashemites rule Iraq? How did they deal with the British occupation authority? What is the policy of King Ghazi I? And how did the politicians of his time, especially the great ones like Nuri Pasha Al-Saeed, who held the Iraqi prime ministership for several times, view him? And how was the scene of his murder or assassination, and the opinions of historians about it? That's what we'll see in our next story. 

The fall of the Ottomans and the rise of the Hashemites
Since the sixteenth century AD, Iraq has been under Ottoman sovereignty, just like the nearby Arab countries such as Syria, Egypt, Hijaz, the Gulf coasts and others. The Iraqis accepted the Ottoman rule, which entered a phase of weakness at the end of the nineteenth century in the face of global changes with the rise of Russia, Britain, France and Germany, and the policy was The British are in clear hostility with the Germans, who entered into an alliance with the Ottoman Empire, and aimed to establish a railway from Berlin to Baghdad, which the British considered a threat to their interests in the Middle East. 

And when the First World War (1914-1918 AD), the British took advantage of the Ottoman-German alliance and attacked Iraq, and they were able to occupy Basra and its surrounding areas in 1914. Finally, after defeating the Ottomans on more than one front, such as the Suez Canal, the Balkans, the Caucasus, and others, they were able to occupy Baghdad and then impose complete control over Iraq at the end of the World War in 1918 [1].

Battle of Kut al-Amarah in 1916 AD
The British control over the Arab countries was in the face of the Ottomans, with open Arab support from the forces of the Prince of Hejaz, Sharif Hussein, and his sons Ali and Abdullah, especially Prince Faisal I bin Hussein, who were able to drive the Turks out of the Hejaz, Jordan, Palestine and Syria, as well as Iraq, as a tacit agreement between the two parties by establishing The Arab caliphate or the great Arab state in these countries.

However, the British and French backtracking and their deception of the Arabs after the Sykes-Picot Agreement and the San Remo Agreement in Italy in 1920 AD, and the placing of the Arab region between the Mediterranean and Iran under the authority of the British and French mandates, revealed the extent of the deception that the Arabs were subjected to in those regions, including Iraq, which saw Britain deceived his ally Prince Faisal al-Hashemi, which generated a great feeling of hatred and hostility, and caused the emergence of national movements and revolutionary uprisings demanding independence, such as the movement and revolution of 1920 AD, which forced the British to go to the Hashemite family again, so Faisal I bin Sharif Hussein was appointed King of Iraq On August 23, 1921 [2]. 

King Faisal I sought independence and the termination of the British Mandate over Iraq, and after strenuous negotiations between the two sides, a treaty was concluded in 1922 CE, the texts of which revolved around the obligation to accept the texts of the treaty with the acceptance of British advice and assistance in everything related to financial affairs from the British commissioner, and not to lease or concede Iraq. For any part of its territory to any foreign country, and not to establish political relations with other foreign countries except with the approval of Britain, which bears looking after Iraqi interests abroad, and other texts that transformed the mandate formula into a formula closer to independence and self-government under the administration and supervision of Britain, with the signature of A protocol the following year in which the issues of the northern border with Turkey and the western border with the Saudis were to be determined, internal stability and the maintenance of security, and the holding of the Constituent Assembly elections[3].

King Faisal I
Amendments and additions took place in this treaty later, and Iraq entered the League of Nations as an independent country, but the British administration and policy were still shackles full independence, and interfered in politics and internal affairs, and used some military bases and airports, and the situation remained that way until the seventh of September September 1933 AD, when King Faisal I died suddenly in the Swiss city of Bern, and he was sick with a heart [4]; He was succeeded by his son, King Ghazi I, the young man who, during his short reign, will witness a remarkable change in Iraqi politics. 

King Ghazi I and the politics of equality
King Ghazi I was born in the holy city of Mecca in 1911 AD, and he came to Baghdad with his mother and sisters in 1923 AD, and received his primary education in the schools of the Hijaz, then at the hands of a group of English professors in Baghdad, and he traveled to London in March 1926 AD. He studied at Harrow College, and upon his return to Iraq he studied at the Military College for four years, and learned to ride horses skillfully, but reports indicate that his scientific and military progress was weak, and he became the crown prince of his father, King Faisal I, and then served as deputy king on the throne during his father's absence. The last one was about Iraq in the summer of 1933 AD [5]. 

When Ghazi ascended to the throne of Iraq, the British ambassador at the time informed Humphreys that he would follow the policy of his father, which relied on friendship, full cooperation and alliance with Britain. Sharif Hussein and the Arabs, so he grew up hating them, obstructing the Iraqi governments loyal to them, and refusing absolute cooperation with the British foreign oil company. In the Iraqi street [6]. 

As a result of his hatred for Britain and its policy, Ghazi became close to the Germans, who gave him equipment to establish a new radio, which he placed in the Palace of Government, and called it “Radio Palace of Flowers.” His popularity increased in the neighboring Arab countries, especially in Syria, Kuwait and Jordan, to the extent that the Kuwaiti Council, by a majority of ten representatives out of fourteen, agreed to unite with Iraq under King Ghazi[7], which Britain considered a threat to its interests and plans in the east. middle.

British policy tended to Nuri al-Said, who held the prime ministership and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs several times, and was the man of the English in Iraq, as well as some members of the Hashemite family who saw Ghazi’s actions as a threat to their existence, and from here Ghazi became the subject of special monitoring. One of his telegrams: "King Ghazi must be taken over or deposed"[8]. 

A failed coup and the acceleration of events
Since the summer of 1936 AD, only three years after the rule of King Ghazi, British documents have been dealing with the issue of a replacement that could replace Ghazi from the Hashemite family, such as Prince Nayef bin Abdullah bin Al Hussein and Prince Abdul Ilah bin Ali bin Al Hussein, Ghazi’s cousins, and he was Abd al-Ilah is one of the personalities close to the English, and it seems that this issue at that time went out of the scope of closed rooms to general rumors, which encouraged Lieutenant-General Bakr Sidqi to carry out the coup of October 29, 1936 AD, and it was mentioned in the matter of that movement that “the Hashemite Ministry intended to remove His Majesty (King Ghazi)"[9]. 

However, Bakr Sidqi’s coup did not receive sufficient support, and soon it failed, and he was arrested and executed, and Britain was afraid of the close rapprochement between the army and King Ghazi, so it instructed Nuri al-Saeed to declare martial law, and to eliminate any military outpost that threatens its interests, on March 5 1939 AD.

King Ghazi felt the importance of the Iraqi army and the need to prepare it well to be ready to play its role in completing the liberation of Iraq, achieving unity and supporting national issues, and that his first task was to end British control in preparation for Iraq to perform its national role, and the king fed on those concepts through the presence of social clubs The same political activity, as well as his contact with army officers who carry nationalist ideas. Ghazi showed his interest in the Iraqi army, its development and strengthening, and its activities, until the king became a refuge for officers who clash with officers of the British military mission, offering them assistance and support and urging them not to care about British officers [10]. 

Thus, on the eve of King Ghazi's murder, the situation appeared to be a conflict between two trends. The first is led by King Ghazi and supported by a large number of army officers and the Chief of the Royal Court Rashid Ali Al-Kilani. A strong relationship between Britain and Germany before World War II (September 1939-May 1945), and between another group headed by Britain, Prime Minister Nuri Al-Saeed and Prince Abdul-Ilah bin Ali Al-Hashemi, cousin of the king and brother of Queen Alia, Ghazi's wife. 

The killing of King Ghazi and the end scene
The survival of King Ghazi at the helm of power in Iraq is raising problems in the face of Britain, and threatening its interests in Iraq and the region, so getting rid of him was necessary and inevitable in the eyes of Britain, and on the morning of the fourth of April 1939 AD, the Council of Ministers mourned King Ghazi following the collision of his car Which he drives himself using the electric pole located near the Al-Harithiya Palace near the Flower Palace in which he resides.

King Ghazi was killed when his car collided with the electric pole near Al-Harithiya Palace
The ambiguity in the killing of King Ghazi and the lack of official documents about him led to the existence of different opinions on the interpretation of this incident, while Princess Badi’ah bint Ali bin Al Hussein, the cousin of King Ghazi and sister of Queen Alia, described in her memoirs “The Heiress of Thrones” that the cause of King Ghazi I’s killing was his preoccupation with drinking. And alcohol, which led to the car accident that killed him[12]. Ismat Fahmy, the wife of Ibn Nuri al-Saeed, narrates this atmosphere, saying:

“King Ghazi had a special fondness for owning cars and testing their speed. Rather, one of his best hobbies was driving racing cars and driving them at high speed in the remote areas surrounding the city of Baghdad with a group of escorts or close friends, and most of these officers and pilots were inclined to championship games and risks… After a few minutes, the engine roared again, and the royal car sped violently to the high highway and crossed it forcefully, then veered to head towards Al-Harithiya Road. After that, the road settled under the field opposite the Flower Palace… It turned out that the heavy column when it fell on the car broke the arm of Abdullah, who was sitting in the back seat… The end of the column also hit the back of King Ghazi’s head, which was the final blow”[13]. 

As for the other and popular opinion, it confirms that Britain and its proxies masterminded the killing of Ghazi, and were the first beneficiary of the assassination, as well as its man, Prime Minister Nuri al-Saeed, who appears to have spoken about the necessity of getting rid of King Ghazi before that incident, and even Nuri continued Al-Saeed with the British ambassador and presented him with a plan to install Prince Zeid Al-Hashemi in place of King Ghazi[14].

It seems that this opinion was confirmed or reinforced more than thirty-five years after the killing of Ghazi, when Abdul Razzaq Al-Husseini, author of the book “The History of the Iraqi Ministries,” met on April 8, 1975 AD with Dr. Saeb Shawkat, King Ghazi’s private physician, and the first person who examined him immediately after the accident. That doctor says:

"I was the first to examine King Ghazi at the request of Messrs. [Nuri al-Saeed] and [Rustom Haider, one of the ministers] to find out the degree of danger to his life, and that Nuri al-Saeed asked me to say in my report that the accident was the result of the king's car colliding with an electric pole, and I I believe that he was killed as a result of a blow to the head with an iron rod severely. Perhaps the brother of the servant who was killed in the palace (a little before Ghazi's death), and who was with him in the car, was used to carry out the assassination. The servant was brought to me immediately after the operation and he had a dislocated arm And I returned the arm to its normal position, then the server and the wireless operator disappeared from that day and forever, and no one knows their fate to this day.”[15]

Abd al-Razzaq al-Husseini also met with the Iraqi Minister of Interior during the reign of King Ghazi and the witness to his death, Naji Shawkat, and asked him about the truth about the killing of King Ghazi, to answer him saying:

“I kept a secret buried for many years, and now the time has come to reveal it, the traces of people and joy were swirling on the faces of Nuri Al-Saeed, Rustam Haider, Rashid Ali Al-Kilani, and Taha Al-Hashimi, after they confirmed the king’s death, and these four were affected by Bakr’s coup. Believe me, they accused King Ghazi of being aware of the coup, and I believe that Abd al-Ilah and Nuri al-Saeed had an actual contribution to the tragedy of King Ghazi”[16].

This opinion seems logical, as the killing of King Ghazi gave the British the opportunity to work freely and without disturbances. The politicians who formed the ruling elite at the time, such as Nuri al-Said, the Prime Minister, and Prince Abd al-Ilah bin Ali al-Hashemi, cousin of the slain king and guardian of the throne of his nephew Faisal II And others, who were supporters of Britain, on the other hand, the killing of King Ghazi sparked the resentment of the Iraqi street, which accused the British and Nuri al-Saeed of masterminding this incident, and the British accused the Germans of repeating and promoting this propaganda, and the reaction of the Iraqi street was violent, even the masses of Mosul attacked the Consulate The British killed the British Consul, Mr. Monk Mason [17]. 

It seems that this reaction of the Iraqi street has forced Nuri al-Saeed and his front to call for reform, but the years of the young King Faisal II under the tutelage of his uncle Prince Abdul Ilah al-Hashemi did not go according to what the Iraqis thought, led by the army, to enter Iraq into a cycle of turmoil and chaos that led to Ultimately, to eliminate the monarchy and take revenge on the Hashemite family with death and execution.

(Source : Al Jazeera)
__________________________________________________

Sources:
1.Kamal Deeb: Earthquake in the Land of Discord, p. 54-60.
2.Muhammad Suhail Taqqosh: A History of Modern and Contemporary Iraq, pp. 125-129.
3.Abdul Razzaq Al-Hasani 2/43.
4.Jihad Saleh Al-Omar: Iraq in History pp. 682-683.
5.Raja Hosni Al-Khattab: On the Fate of King Ghazi, pg. 411.
6.Muhammad Suhail Taqqosh: Previous pg. 162.
7.Kamal Deeb: Previous pg. 66.
8.Maurice Peterson, Both Sides of Curtain, p. 151.
9.Statement No. 1001 of the coup Bakr Sidqi.
10.Lutfi Faraj: King Ghazi pp. 72, 73.
11.Al-Istiqlal newspaper, April 5, 1939 AD.
12.Memoirs of the heiress of thrones .
13.Ismat Al-Saeed: Nuri Al-Saeed, p. 43.
14.Rajaa Al-Husseini: On the Fate of King Ghazi, pg. 419.
15.Dr. Saeb Shawkat’s interview with Al-Hasani on April 8, 1975
16.Abdul Razzaq Al-Hasani: History of the Iraqi Ministries 5/81.
17.Khaled Al-Hamdani: From the memory of history, the civilized dialogue .

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