What do you know about the revolution of the skin the last battles of Muslims in Andalusia?

After the fall of Granada, the last Muslim stronghold in Andalusia in 1492, the Muslims of Andalusia ignited several revolutions in their efforts to improve their conditions and restore rule again, the last of which was the Human Revolution that was eventually extinguished, and with it the dreams of Muslims to restore Andalusia.

On this day in the year 1499, the First Human Revolution (Granada Revolution) began, which lasted until 1501, in response to the campaign launched by the Archbishop of Toledo, Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros in the city of Granada to impose religious commitment to Christianity by torture and imprisonment for Muslims in Spain .

The rebellion was not only eventually suppressed, but was used as a pretext to justify the abolition of treaties acknowledging the protection of Muslims and their faith in al-Andalus. The success of the campaign in Granada encouraged the Castilian Queen Isabella to issue an edict in 1502 banning Islam throughout Castile as well, for the rest of the Spanish kingdoms to follow in later years.

And between 1568 and 1571, the Moriscos (Muslims of Andalusia who were forced to convert to Christianity after the fall of the Kingdom of Granada) against the Crown of Castile ignited again, after Philip II issued a set of unjust laws that persecuted the Muslims of Andalusia, prompting them to start a new revolution in the hope of restoring the crown Castile and regaining power again.

The reasons that led to the revolution

In light of the forced Christianization efforts, a class appeared in Spain called the Moriscos or the Moriscos in Castilian, they are the Muslims who remained in Andalusia under Christian rule after the fall of the Islamic rule of Andalusia and were forced to convert to Christianity in form, but they adhered to Islam secretly until they were expelled between 1609 and 1614.

Although the Granada Treaty provided for tolerance with Muslims after Granada was handed over to the Castilians, the kings of the Spanish kingdoms continued to pass laws that tighten the screws on the Moriscos and persecute severely, and adherence to Christianity became in public places according to the decrees issued.

With the advent of Duke Philip II (1555 - 1598) to the throne of power in Spain, he issued a series of unfair laws that indicated his persecution and incitement against Muslims. As well as the prohibition of wearing Arab clothes and the prohibition of women from wearing the hijab, and other laws that aim to erase the identity of Muslims.

In addition to all the reasons mentioned above, the Ottomans, whose influence began to increase as a rising power in the Mediterranean since the middle of the sixteenth century, had a key role in pushing Philip II to enact many severe laws for fear of supporting the Moriscos for a possible Ottoman invasion of Spain, which was planned by the Ottomans Indeed, it was postponed because some had persuaded Sultan Selim II to occupy Cyprus instead of Spain for its strategic location.

Skin Revolution

The policy of Philip and his oppressive laws had a great impact on the outbreak of the armed revolution in Granada under the leadership of Faraj bin Faraj, whose origins go back to Bani al-Ahmar, the last Muslim rulers of Granada, who had gathered some support and demanded extensions from the North African kings.

While the Christians were busy with their celebrations and prayers on Christmas Eve of 1568, a group of exiles, Morskies, Granada, al-Bishrat, and others gathered secretly in the Valley of the Territory. The armed insurrection began in the form of a guerrilla war, with military and financial support from Algeria, Morocco and the Ottoman Empire.

As a result, Philip II sent a large military force led by his half-brother John of Austria to suppress the revolution. Although the number of people who joined the revolution reached more than 25 thousand men (including soldiers from the Berbers and the Turks), and despite the victories they achieved, they soon lost what they had gained and their leader Ibn Abbou, who was appointed after the killing of Muhammad bin Umayya, was killed by some of his followers In a conspiracy orchestrated by the Spaniards in one of the Skins Caves in the month of March 1571, to subside after the Skins Revolution in the same year.

Revolution results

Following the success of the Spaniards in putting out the fire of the Human Revolt, Philip II ordered the dispersal of all the Moriscos of Granada and their deportation to Castile and western Andalusia, as part of his efforts to break up the remaining Muslim community in Spain and facilitate their integration into the Christian community.

As part of these efforts, about 270 villages were evacuated of their Muslim residents, some of which were Christian from the Spanish north, while some were left empty on their thrones. Which may have resulted in the destruction of the silk industry for centuries to come.

As a result of the inability of the Moriscos of Granada to integrate socially into a kingdom, Philip III, at the instigation of the Duke of Lerma, ordered the expulsion of the Moriscos, estimated at 300,000, from Spain in a process that took place between 1609 and 1614.