![Abu Bakr Al-Razi a Muslim doctor the West will not tell you about In the year 148 AH / 765 AD, the Abbasid Caliph Abu Jaafar al-Mansur fell ill with a stomach disease that he was unable to eat, and the doctors of Baghdad were unable to treat him, and his condition was constantly deteriorating, so they gathered and then searched for the most knowledgeable people of their time in the science of medicine, then they advised him to bring in Jarjis bin Gabriel from The city of Jundishapur, Iran, was brought to him, and when he arrived, he called him in Persian and Arabic. The Caliph was astonished by his good looks and logic, so he sat him in front of him and asked him about things, and he answered them calmly. He said to him: “I have won from you what I loved and longed for. Georges, I manage you as you like. And when he came from tomorrow, he came in to him and looked at his pulse and at the water bottle and agreed with him to reduce the food, and put him in a nice measure until he returned to his first mood, and the Caliph rejoiced in him with great joy and commanded that he answer everything that is asked". After the development of medical knowledge from the Prophet and Umayyad era until the beginning of the Abbasid era in the middle of the second century AH, the Abbasid Caliph al-Ma’mun crowned this knowledge with the establishment of the House of Wisdom, in which he was interested in translating Greek sciences such as philosophy, medicine, mathematics and others into Arabic, which prompted the emergence of great personalities and scholars in that era. . Al-Razi: Physician-philosopher! He appeared in the second half of the third AH / ninth century AD and one of the most important and great doctors of Islamic civilization in the first four centuries. This doctor is Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakaria al-Razi. Al-Razi was born in Al-Rayy near Tehran in the year 250 AH/864 AD and he died in Baghdad in Sha’ban 313 AH. / 925 AD[2]. Al-Qafti said about it in “Tareekh al-Hakim”: “Muhammad ibn Zakaria Abu Bakr al-Razi is a physician of Muslims who is not a defender and is one of the famous in the sciences of logic, geometry, and other sciences of philosophy.”Al-Qafti said about it in “Tareekh al-Hakim”: “Muhammad ibn Zakaria Abu Bakr al-Razi is a physician of Muslims who is not a defender and is one of the famous in the sciences of logic, geometry, and other sciences of philosophy.” Al-Razi grew up loving science, famous for his intelligence and acumen, and a number of Western orientalists witnessed the brilliance of Al-Razi, and they always describe him as (Rhazes). The English Stapleton said of him that he “remained without equal until the dawn of modern science in Europe.” The Paris School of Medicine hung a colorful picture of Al-Razi. In addition to Ibn Sina and Ibn Rushd, the American University of Princeton dedicated the most luxurious district in its most beautiful buildings to display his exploits! Before he was described by historians of medicine in Arab civilization with the same descriptions, al-Qafti said in his “Tareekh al-Hakim”: “Muhammad ibn Zakaria Abu Bakr al-Razi is a physician of Muslims who is not a defender and is one of the famous in the sciences of logic, engineering and other sciences of philosophy”. So what did the man in the field of medicine do a thousand years ago to deserve this prestigious position until today? It is paradoxical that Al-Razi learned medicine in his great thirties. When he entered Baghdad from Al-Rayy, he visited the most important bimaristan at the time, "Al-Bimaristan Al-Addi", which was built by Adud Al-Dawla Al-Buwaihi in the third century AH, in which he asked about medicines, and saw some strange sick cases that he witnessed During which doctors discussed and suggested. Al-Razi studied medicine, worked in Bimaristan, his country Al-Ray, and came to Baghdad and then supervised the construction of Al-Bimaristan Al-Addi. Some of the boys were to hang a meat flat on each side of Baghdad, then he considered the one in which the meat did not change quickly, so he indicated that it be built in that area, which is the place where the bimaristan was built “[6], and this is evidence of Al-Razi’s intelligence, and this place was the best place Baghdad in air purity, quality and moderation, which are very important factors for the treatment of patients with weak immune systems. Adud al-Dawla was not satisfied with this. When he finished building the bimaristan, he wanted to appoint for him a president who was skilled in medicine and knowledge, with extensive training and experience in his fields, so he gathered the most skilled doctors in Baghdad, and they were one hundred of them, Abu Bakr al-Razi. He was among them Al-Razi, then he chose three out of the ten, and he was among them Al-Razi, then he distinguished between them and it became clear to him that Al-Razi was the best of them, so he appointed him “Sa’ur” that is, director and head of the doctors of Al-Bimaristan Al-Addi. What indicates his intelligence is that a boy from Baghdad used to spit blood from his mouth and did not know his illness, and this happened to him on his way, so Abu Bakr Al-Razi was summoned, the famous doctor of skill, the owner of classified books, and he showed him what he spurted and described to him what he found, so Al-Razi took his probe, and saw He took his bottle and described his condition since the beginning of that with him, so there was no evidence for him that he had tuberculosis or ulcers, and he did not know the cause, and he asked the man to look into the matter. Al-Razi returned to the patient and asked him about the water he drank on his way, and he was told that he drank from swamps and cisterns. And he said to him: If the next day I come to you and treat you and do not leave until you recover, but on the condition that you order your servants to obey me regarding you when I command them, he said: Yes; Then Al-Razi left and gathered two large bowls of algae, so he brought them with him the next day and showed them to him and said to him: Swallow. And he threatens to hit him, until one of the two vessels swallows him whole, and the man is crying out, and nothing will benefit him with Al-Razi, until the patient said: The hour I threw “vomit”, so Al-Razi increased what he was pressing in his throat, so his arm vomited and he threw, so Al-Razi contemplated the throw and found a leech in it ( worms), and if, when the moss reached it, it came close to it to feed on it and left its place, and turned on the moss and the patient rose up healthy! Al-Razi sciences Al-Razi left many books between letters and books on all topics of medical sciences in his time. For example, his book on “Smallpox and Measles” is the most famous among all his other works. And the truth is that smallpox until the modern era is one of the causes of blindness in the Arab world. Its most common complications are corneal scars and corneal damage due to pustules. Al-Razi says in his book “Al-Hawi fi al-Tibb” about the treatment of smallpox: “If signs of smallpox appear, then start with alfasd, and if it is not possible, then cupping if the strength is weak. It may marinate it sumac or water flab pomegranate. the back of the eye pox. Qatar where Ekhala may Gkth water wet coriander or water coriander land may cook rain water, and coordinated by cooking lacquers, lentils and figs to speed up the exit, nor Ngzh Pferoj or otherwise, which looks like him even nullify fever at all Smallpox is reduced, and its food is marrow, lentils, and legumes.” Al-Razi did not forget to write about the ethics of the medical profession, so he wrote in that important treatise “The Ethics of the Doctor” advising doctors, saying: “Know that one of the most difficult things for a doctor is to serve princes and treat the affluent and women. He lives well, and he becomes a prince over them, and if he is characterized by serving the kings, he may become by serving them a prince, especially if the king is a commoner”. It is a golden piece of medical ethics written by Al-Razi a thousand years ago. Richard Walzer, one of the most important historians of Arab philosophy, gave us his opinion on Al-Razi, saying: “When we read each line that Al-Razi wrote, we feel that we are in front of a high thought, and a man who knows his own destiny without this leading him to arrogance, and he does not consider himself the lowest level.” Neither in philosophy nor in medicine, and according to him, it is not possible to surpass Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Hippocrates, or Galen, but he does not hesitate to change their philosophical conclusions when he feels that he has surpassed them in knowledge, nor does he hesitate to add to the accumulated medical sciences. What he discovered himself by means of his own research and observations, each time when he was studying a particular disease, he would begin by summarizing all the data that he could obtain on this subject from Greek and Indian sources available in Arabic translations, and from the works of modern Arab physicians, and he never failed to add his opinion his personal judgment, and he did not recognize the competence of any character on the basis of her fame alone”. Medicine developed after Al-Razi in the fourth and fifth centuries AH, and the Arabs were able to add new elements to medicines and drugs such as amber, camphor, cucumber fennel, aromatic cloves, mercury, salamaki, and myrrh. Rose water, etc. One of the most important trades between Italy and the Near East was the import of Arab medicines. The Muslims were the first to establish drug stores and pharmacies, and they were the ones who established the first school of pharmacy, and they wrote the great treatises on the science of aqidah (drugs). The Muslim doctors were very enthusiastic in inviting her to take a shower, especially when suffering from fever, and to use the steam bath, and modern medicine hardly exceeds what they described as the treatment for smallpox and measles, and they used inhalational anesthesia in some surgical operations as the historian of civilization describes Durant. Thus, no sooner had the first four centuries of the life of Islam passed than we saw in the Arab-Islamic civilization the development of science and medical knowledge astonishing, in both the theoretical and practical fields. He was a genius of his time of note and action.(Mahmoud Khaled)](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhGcY3c0YdjI2XCCxGNaJ-EzLWYFeAvPMnDRVja3oyZvE136BBB3Dfp8pKgSPgPas-PisztakPI_H-KZWfENuZBew8XQ4nNAI9evnM3LXHRUuRLRGGNoBlcPlrXliLq56ArsPcaH6P6kF36D56F2cA44I8xyJfLu3UN4uNh-QDsMkxZ7Q_1hSd5MfxDww=s16000-rw "Abu Bakr Al-Razi a Muslim doctor the West will not tell you about In the year 148 AH / 765 AD, the Abbasid Caliph Abu Jaafar al-Mansur fell ill with a stomach disease that he was unable to eat, and the doctors of Baghdad were unable to treat him, and his condition was constantly deteriorating, so they gathered and then searched for the most knowledgeable people of their time in the science of medicine, then they advised him to bring in Jarjis bin Gabriel from The city of Jundishapur, Iran, was brought to him, and when he arrived, he called him in Persian and Arabic. The Caliph was astonished by his good looks and logic, so he sat him in front of him and asked him about things, and he answered them calmly. He said to him: “I have won from you what I loved and longed for. Georges, I manage you as you like. And when he came from tomorrow, he came in to him and looked at his pulse and at the water bottle and agreed with him to reduce the food, and put him in a nice measure until he returned to his first mood, and the Caliph rejoiced in him with great joy and commanded that he answer everything that is asked\". After the development of medical knowledge from the Prophet and Umayyad era until the beginning of the Abbasid era in the middle of the second century AH, the Abbasid Caliph al-Ma’mun crowned this knowledge with the establishment of the House of Wisdom, in which he was interested in translating Greek sciences such as philosophy, medicine, mathematics and others into Arabic, which prompted the emergence of great personalities and scholars in that era. . Al-Razi: Physician-philosopher! He appeared in the second half of the third AH / ninth century AD and one of the most important and great doctors of Islamic civilization in the first four centuries. This doctor is Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakaria al-Razi. Al-Razi was born in Al-Rayy near Tehran in the year 250 AH/864 AD and he died in Baghdad in Sha’ban 313 AH. / 925 AD[2]. Al-Qafti said about it in “Tareekh al-Hakim”: “Muhammad ibn Zakaria Abu Bakr al-Razi is a physician of Muslims who is not a defender and is one of the famous in the sciences of logic, geometry, and other sciences of philosophy.”Al-Qafti said about it in “Tareekh al-Hakim”: “Muhammad ibn Zakaria Abu Bakr al-Razi is a physician of Muslims who is not a defender and is one of the famous in the sciences of logic, geometry, and other sciences of philosophy.” Al-Razi grew up loving science, famous for his intelligence and acumen, and a number of Western orientalists witnessed the brilliance of Al-Razi, and they always describe him as (Rhazes). The English Stapleton said of him that he “remained without equal until the dawn of modern science in Europe.” The Paris School of Medicine hung a colorful picture of Al-Razi. In addition to Ibn Sina and Ibn Rushd, the American University of Princeton dedicated the most luxurious district in its most beautiful buildings to display his exploits! Before he was described by historians of medicine in Arab civilization with the same descriptions, al-Qafti said in his “Tareekh al-Hakim”: “Muhammad ibn Zakaria Abu Bakr al-Razi is a physician of Muslims who is not a defender and is one of the famous in the sciences of logic, engineering and other sciences of philosophy”. So what did the man in the field of medicine do a thousand years ago to deserve this prestigious position until today? It is paradoxical that Al-Razi learned medicine in his great thirties. When he entered Baghdad from Al-Rayy, he visited the most important bimaristan at the time, \"Al-Bimaristan Al-Addi\", which was built by Adud Al-Dawla Al-Buwaihi in the third century AH, in which he asked about medicines, and saw some strange sick cases that he witnessed During which doctors discussed and suggested. Al-Razi studied medicine, worked in Bimaristan, his country Al-Ray, and came to Baghdad and then supervised the construction of Al-Bimaristan Al-Addi. Some of the boys were to hang a meat flat on each side of Baghdad, then he considered the one in which the meat did not change quickly, so he indicated that it be built in that area, which is the place where the bimaristan was built “[6], and this is evidence of Al-Razi’s intelligence, and this place was the best place Baghdad in air purity, quality and moderation, which are very important factors for the treatment of patients with weak immune systems. Adud al-Dawla was not satisfied with this. When he finished building the bimaristan, he wanted to appoint for him a president who was skilled in medicine and knowledge, with extensive training and experience in his fields, so he gathered the most skilled doctors in Baghdad, and they were one hundred of them, Abu Bakr al-Razi. He was among them Al-Razi, then he chose three out of the ten, and he was among them Al-Razi, then he distinguished between them and it became clear to him that Al-Razi was the best of them, so he appointed him “Sa’ur” that is, director and head of the doctors of Al-Bimaristan Al-Addi. What indicates his intelligence is that a boy from Baghdad used to spit blood from his mouth and did not know his illness, and this happened to him on his way, so Abu Bakr Al-Razi was summoned, the famous doctor of skill, the owner of classified books, and he showed him what he spurted and described to him what he found, so Al-Razi took his probe, and saw He took his bottle and described his condition since the beginning of that with him, so there was no evidence for him that he had tuberculosis or ulcers, and he did not know the cause, and he asked the man to look into the matter. Al-Razi returned to the patient and asked him about the water he drank on his way, and he was told that he drank from swamps and cisterns. And he said to him: If the next day I come to you and treat you and do not leave until you recover, but on the condition that you order your servants to obey me regarding you when I command them, he said: Yes; Then Al-Razi left and gathered two large bowls of algae, so he brought them with him the next day and showed them to him and said to him: Swallow. And he threatens to hit him, until one of the two vessels swallows him whole, and the man is crying out, and nothing will benefit him with Al-Razi, until the patient said: The hour I threw “vomit”, so Al-Razi increased what he was pressing in his throat, so his arm vomited and he threw, so Al-Razi contemplated the throw and found a leech in it ( worms), and if, when the moss reached it, it came close to it to feed on it and left its place, and turned on the moss and the patient rose up healthy! Al-Razi sciences Al-Razi left many books between letters and books on all topics of medical sciences in his time. For example, his book on “Smallpox and Measles” is the most famous among all his other works. And the truth is that smallpox until the modern era is one of the causes of blindness in the Arab world. Its most common complications are corneal scars and corneal damage due to pustules. Al-Razi says in his book “Al-Hawi fi al-Tibb” about the treatment of smallpox: “If signs of smallpox appear, then start with alfasd, and if it is not possible, then cupping if the strength is weak. It may marinate it sumac or water flab pomegranate. the back of the eye pox. Qatar where Ekhala may Gkth water wet coriander or water coriander land may cook rain water, and coordinated by cooking lacquers, lentils and figs to speed up the exit, nor Ngzh Pferoj or otherwise, which looks like him even nullify fever at all Smallpox is reduced, and its food is marrow, lentils, and legumes.” Al-Razi did not forget to write about the ethics of the medical profession, so he wrote in that important treatise “The Ethics of the Doctor” advising doctors, saying: “Know that one of the most difficult things for a doctor is to serve princes and treat the affluent and women. He lives well, and he becomes a prince over them, and if he is characterized by serving the kings, he may become by serving them a prince, especially if the king is a commoner”. It is a golden piece of medical ethics written by Al-Razi a thousand years ago. Richard Walzer, one of the most important historians of Arab philosophy, gave us his opinion on Al-Razi, saying: “When we read each line that Al-Razi wrote, we feel that we are in front of a high thought, and a man who knows his own destiny without this leading him to arrogance, and he does not consider himself the lowest level.” Neither in philosophy nor in medicine, and according to him, it is not possible to surpass Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Hippocrates, or Galen, but he does not hesitate to change their philosophical conclusions when he feels that he has surpassed them in knowledge, nor does he hesitate to add to the accumulated medical sciences. What he discovered himself by means of his own research and observations, each time when he was studying a particular disease, he would begin by summarizing all the data that he could obtain on this subject from Greek and Indian sources available in Arabic translations, and from the works of modern Arab physicians, and he never failed to add his opinion his personal judgment, and he did not recognize the competence of any character on the basis of her fame alone”. Medicine developed after Al-Razi in the fourth and fifth centuries AH, and the Arabs were able to add new elements to medicines and drugs such as amber, camphor, cucumber fennel, aromatic cloves, mercury, salamaki, and myrrh. Rose water, etc. One of the most important trades between Italy and the Near East was the import of Arab medicines. The Muslims were the first to establish drug stores and pharmacies, and they were the ones who established the first school of pharmacy, and they wrote the great treatises on the science of aqidah (drugs). The Muslim doctors were very enthusiastic in inviting her to take a shower, especially when suffering from fever, and to use the steam bath, and modern medicine hardly exceeds what they described as the treatment for smallpox and measles, and they used inhalational anesthesia in some surgical operations as the historian of civilization describes Durant. Thus, no sooner had the first four centuries of the life of Islam passed than we saw in the Arab-Islamic civilization the development of science and medical knowledge astonishing, in both the theoretical and practical fields. He was a genius of his time of note and action.(Mahmoud Khaled)")
Abu Bakr Al-Razi a Muslim doctor the West will not tell you about
In the year 148 AH / 765 AD, the Abbasid Caliph Abu Jaafar al-Mansur fell ill with a stomach disease that he was unable to eat, and the doctors of Baghdad were unable to treat him, and his condition was constantly deteriorating, so they gathered and then searched for the most knowledgeable people of their time in the science of medicine, then they advised him to bring in Jarjis bin Gabriel from The city of Jundishapur, Iran, was brought to him, and when he arrived, he called him in Persian and Arabic. The Caliph was astonished by his good looks and logic, so he sat him in front of him and asked him about things, and he answered them calmly. He said to him: “I have won from you what I loved and longed for. Georges, I manage you as you like. And when he came from tomorrow, he came in to him and looked at his pulse and at the water bottle and agreed with him to reduce the food, and put him in a nice measure until he returned to his first mood, and the Caliph rejoiced in him with great joy and commanded that he answer everything that is asked".
After the development of medical knowledge from the Prophet and Umayyad era until the beginning of the Abbasid era in the middle of the second century AH, the Abbasid Caliph al-Ma’mun crowned this knowledge with the establishment of the House of Wisdom, in which he was interested in translating Greek sciences such as philosophy, medicine, mathematics and others into Arabic, which prompted the emergence of great personalities and scholars in that era.
Al-Razi: Physician-philosopher!
He appeared in the second half of the third AH / ninth century AD and one of the most important and great doctors of Islamic civilization in the first four centuries. This doctor is Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakaria al-Razi. Al-Razi was born in Al-Rayy near Tehran in the year 250 AH/864 AD and he died in Baghdad in Sha’ban 313 AH. / 925 AD[2].
Al-Qafti said about it in “Tareekh al-Hakim”: “Muhammad ibn Zakaria Abu Bakr al-Razi is a physician of Muslims who is not a defender and is one of the famous in the sciences of logic, geometry, and other sciences of philosophy.”Al-Qafti said about it in “Tareekh al-Hakim”: “Muhammad ibn Zakaria Abu Bakr al-Razi is a physician of Muslims who is not a defender and is one of the famous in the sciences of logic, geometry, and other sciences of philosophy.”
Al-Razi grew up loving science, famous for his intelligence and acumen, and a number of Western orientalists witnessed the brilliance of Al-Razi, and they always describe him as (Rhazes). The English Stapleton said of him that he “remained without equal until the dawn of modern science in Europe.” The Paris School of Medicine hung a colorful picture of Al-Razi. In addition to Ibn Sina and Ibn Rushd, the American University of Princeton dedicated the most luxurious district in its most beautiful buildings to display his exploits!
Before he was described by historians of medicine in Arab civilization with the same descriptions, al-Qafti said in his “Tareekh al-Hakim”: “Muhammad ibn Zakaria Abu Bakr al-Razi is a physician of Muslims who is not a defender and is one of the famous in the sciences of logic, engineering and other sciences of philosophy”. So what did the man in the field of medicine do a thousand years ago to deserve this prestigious position until today? It is paradoxical that Al-Razi learned medicine in his great thirties. When he entered Baghdad from Al-Rayy, he visited the most important bimaristan at the time, "Al-Bimaristan Al-Addi", which was built by Adud Al-Dawla Al-Buwaihi in the third century AH, in which he asked about medicines, and saw some strange sick cases that he witnessed During which doctors discussed and suggested.
Al-Razi studied medicine, worked in Bimaristan, his country Al-Ray, and came to Baghdad and then supervised the construction of Al-Bimaristan Al-Addi. Some of the boys were to hang a meat flat on each side of Baghdad, then he considered the one in which the meat did not change quickly, so he indicated that it be built in that area, which is the place where the bimaristan was built “[6], and this is evidence of Al-Razi’s intelligence, and this place was the best place Baghdad in air purity, quality and moderation, which are very important factors for the treatment of patients with weak immune systems.
Adud al-Dawla was not satisfied with this. When he finished building the bimaristan, he wanted to appoint for him a president who was skilled in medicine and knowledge, with extensive training and experience in his fields, so he gathered the most skilled doctors in Baghdad, and they were one hundred of them, Abu Bakr al-Razi. He was among them Al-Razi, then he chose three out of the ten, and he was among them Al-Razi, then he distinguished between them and it became clear to him that Al-Razi was the best of them, so he appointed him “Sa’ur” that is, director and head of the doctors of Al-Bimaristan Al-Addi.
What indicates his intelligence is that a boy from Baghdad used to spit blood from his mouth and did not know his illness, and this happened to him on his way, so Abu Bakr Al-Razi was summoned, the famous doctor of skill, the owner of classified books, and he showed him what he spurted and described to him what he found, so Al-Razi took his probe, and saw He took his bottle and described his condition since the beginning of that with him, so there was no evidence for him that he had tuberculosis or ulcers, and he did not know the cause, and he asked the man to look into the matter. Al-Razi returned to the patient and asked him about the water he drank on his way, and he was told that he drank from swamps and cisterns.
And he said to him: If the next day I come to you and treat you and do not leave until you recover, but on the condition that you order your servants to obey me regarding you when I command them, he said: Yes; Then Al-Razi left and gathered two large bowls of algae, so he brought them with him the next day and showed them to him and said to him: Swallow. And he threatens to hit him, until one of the two vessels swallows him whole, and the man is crying out, and nothing will benefit him with Al-Razi, until the patient said: The hour I threw “vomit”, so Al-Razi increased what he was pressing in his throat, so his arm vomited and he threw, so Al-Razi contemplated the throw and found a leech in it ( worms), and if, when the moss reached it, it came close to it to feed on it and left its place, and turned on the moss and the patient rose up healthy!
Al-Razi sciences
Al-Razi left many books between letters and books on all topics of medical sciences in his time. For example, his book on “Smallpox and Measles” is the most famous among all his other works. And the truth is that smallpox until the modern era is one of the causes of blindness in the Arab world. Its most common complications are corneal scars and corneal damage due to pustules.
Al-Razi says in his book “Al-Hawi fi al-Tibb” about the treatment of smallpox: “If signs of smallpox appear, then start with alfasd, and if it is not possible, then cupping if the strength is weak. It may marinate it sumac or water flab pomegranate. the back of the eye pox. Qatar where Ekhala may Gkth water wet coriander or water coriander land may cook rain water, and coordinated by cooking lacquers, lentils and figs to speed up the exit, nor Ngzh Pferoj or otherwise, which looks like him even nullify fever at all Smallpox is reduced, and its food is marrow, lentils, and legumes.”
Al-Razi did not forget to write about the ethics of the medical profession, so he wrote in that important treatise “The Ethics of the Doctor” advising doctors, saying: “Know that one of the most difficult things for a doctor is to serve princes and treat the affluent and women. He lives well, and he becomes a prince over them, and if he is characterized by serving the kings, he may become by serving them a prince, especially if the king is a commoner”. It is a golden piece of medical ethics written by Al-Razi a thousand years ago.
Richard Walzer, one of the most important historians of Arab philosophy, gave us his opinion on Al-Razi, saying: “When we read each line that Al-Razi wrote, we feel that we are in front of a high thought, and a man who knows his own destiny without this leading him to arrogance, and he does not consider himself the lowest level.” Neither in philosophy nor in medicine, and according to him, it is not possible to surpass Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Hippocrates, or Galen, but he does not hesitate to change their philosophical conclusions when he feels that he has surpassed them in knowledge, nor does he hesitate to add to the accumulated medical sciences. What he discovered himself by means of his own research and observations, each time when he was studying a particular disease, he would begin by summarizing all the data that he could obtain on this subject from Greek and Indian sources available in Arabic translations, and from the works of modern Arab physicians, and he never failed to add his opinion his personal judgment, and he did not recognize the competence of any character on the basis of her fame alone”.
Medicine developed after Al-Razi in the fourth and fifth centuries AH, and the Arabs were able to add new elements to medicines and drugs such as amber, camphor, cucumber fennel, aromatic cloves, mercury, salamaki, and myrrh. Rose water, etc. One of the most important trades between Italy and the Near East was the import of Arab medicines. The Muslims were the first to establish drug stores and pharmacies, and they were the ones who established the first school of pharmacy, and they wrote the great treatises on the science of aqidah (drugs).
The Muslim doctors were very enthusiastic in inviting her to take a shower, especially when suffering from fever, and to use the steam bath, and modern medicine hardly exceeds what they described as the treatment for smallpox and measles, and they used inhalational anesthesia in some surgical operations as the historian of civilization describes Durant. Thus, no sooner had the first four centuries of the life of Islam passed than we saw in the Arab-Islamic civilization the development of science and medical knowledge astonishing, in both the theoretical and practical fields. He was a genius of his time of note and action.(Mahmoud Khaled)
