Moscow
The famous city and capital of Russia
Moscow ( Russian : Москва, English: Moscow) is the capital of Russia and the center of political, economic, trade, educational and transportation. It is also the largest city in continental Europe .
The city is located on the banks of the Moscow River in the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation . Historically, it has been the capital of Russia since the Soviet Union and the Tsarist era. The Moscow Kremlin, the residence of the Russian president, is a World Heritage Site. The Russian parliament government offices are located in the city.
Moscow 2222 is known worldwide for its architecture and fine arts. The Church of St. Basil in Moscow and the Church of Christ the Savior are also known around the world. Moscow is still a major economic center and home to many billionaires and one of the most expensive cities for foreigners. Moscow city is a many scientific and educational institutions here, as well as a great sports fields here. Moscow has the most complex transportation system, including the world's busiest metro system, which is known around the world for its architecture. Moscow has hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics .
Moscow is a seventh largest metropolitan high-tech area in Europe and one of the largest urban areas in the world. Moscow is an important political, economic, cultural, religious, financial and educational center of Russia and the world and a global city. This is a seventh largest city in the wholeworld. The population of the city (as of June 1, 2009) is 10,524,400.
Moscow is a major economic center and is home to many of the world's billionaires. In 2008, for the third year in a row , the city was named the world's most expensive city for foreign workers. However , in 2009 it was ranked third after Tokyo and Osaka .
Moscow is home to many scientific and educational institutions land, as well as best popular sports fields. A complex system of transportation, consisting of 3 international airports, 9 railway terminals and busy underground rail systems. The subway system is the busiest in the world after Tokyo and is known worldwide for its beautiful architecture and artefacts. A Moscow resident is called a Muscovite in Russian.
History
The first mention of Moscow in the pages of history is in 1147, when the prince of the Novgorod Republic was summoned by Prince Yuri Dolgorfki of Kiev . Nine years later , in 1156, Yuri Dolgorfki ordered the erection of a wooden wall around the city, which was later rebuilt several times. In 1237 and 1238, the Mongols destroyed the city and burned it, killing its citizens. After struggling with the situation, Moscow re-emerged in 1327 and became the capital of an independent empire. Moscow later developed into a stable and prosperous state for many years, with thousands of refugees from all over Russia settling here.
In 1380, Prince Dmitry Donskoye led a united Russian army and achieved the most important victory against the Mongols in the Battle of Kolykov . Moscow then played a key role in liberating Russia from Mongol occupation. In 1480 the Chamber III took possession of the Tatars of Russia and Moscow became the center of power in the country. By the end of his reign, Moscow had become the capital of the Russian Empire.
Several significant events occurred in the 17th century in 1612 in the Poland liberation of Moscow from intruders, 1648 in Salt riots, in 1662 the copper riots and in 1682 was included Moscow coup. After the establishment of St. Petersburg on the shores of the Baltic Sea by Peter the Great in 1703, the status of the capital of Moscow ended in 1712 and the capital was moved to St. Petersburg. Napoleon in 1812On his arrival, the inhabitants of Moscow set the city on fire and fled the city, and when Napoleon's forces arrived on September 14, they suffered from hunger, cold and supply problems and were forced to return early. In January 1905, the system of governors or mayors of the city was introduced and Alexander Adrianov became the first mayor of the city. After the victory of the Russian Revolution in 1917, on March 12, 1918, Russia became the capital of the Federal Soviet Union and five years later , the capital of the Soviet Union .
During World War II , the Soviet State Defense Committee and the General Staff of the Armed Forces were based in Moscow. In 1941, residents of Moscow formed 16 divisions of national volunteers (over 160,000), 25 battalions (over 185,000) and 4 engineering regiments. In November 1941, the advance of German forces on the outskirts of the city was halted, and the war ended in Moscow. The city was badly damaged during the war and its industries were severely affected. However, despite the siege and bombing, the city's underground metro system continued to be built, beginning in the early 1930s . A few lines of the metro system were opened in the last days of the war. Moscow Medal of Defense on May 1, 1944 and 1947Another medal was introduced in memory of Moscow's 800th anniversary. On May 8, 1965, on the 20th anniversary of the victory of World War II , 12 cities in the Soviet Union were declared "Hero Cities", including Moscow. The city hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1980, but many countries around the world did not participate in the Games against the Russian aggression in Afghanistan.
In 1991, Moscow was also the center of a coup attempt by members of the government opposed to Mikhail Gorbachev 's reforms. Even after the fall of the Soviet Union, Moscow remained the capital. After that, the economy in Moscow was arranged in a Western style.
Weather
Due to its location in the north latitude, sunlight is rarely seen in the city. The shortest day in winter ends before 7 hours, while in summer the day grows longer than 18 hours. As a result, Moscow experiences extreme cold and average heat. The average temperature in the hot months of July and August is 20 degrees Celsius, while in the winter months the temperature drops to minus 12 degrees Celsius.
Many of Moscow's museums and galleries are so high that they can be compared to any other museum or gallery in Western Europe and North America . Art exhibitions are held regularly, featuring paintings, drawings and sculptures.
One of Moscow's most important art museums is the Tretyakov Gallery, founded by Pavel Tretyakov , a wealthy art lover . He also donated a large collection of artefacts to the city. Today, the Tretyakov Gallery is divided into two buildings. Ancient Trityakov is the original gallery on the south bank of the Moscow River that houses ancient Russian art. The works of the well-known pre-revolutionary artist Aliyaripin and others are housed in the same ancient Tretyakov gallery. The modern Tretyakov Gallery was set up during the Soviet era and features works by Soviet artists.
Another artistic museum in Moscow is the Pushkin Museum. It is modeled after the British Museum in London. The State Historical Museum of Russia is about Russian history. Founded in 1872, the Polytechnic Museum is the largest technical museum in Russia and houses many historical inventions and technological achievements. The city also has the Borodino Panorama Museum.
Moscow is the center of other arts in Russia, including ballet and film. The city has 93 theaters, 132 cinemas and 24 concert halls. There is also a Center for International Performing Arts in Moscow, which opened in 2003 .
The city also has two major circuses, the Moscow State Circus and the Moscow Circus.
Moscow has always been a very attractive city for tourists. Particularly UNESCO, the World Heritage listed the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square (Red Square) has always been a tourist attraction. The Ascension Church, a World Heritage Site, is also a tourist attraction.
Other places include the Moscow Zoo, which is visited by 1.2 million adults each year.
There are 1696 high schools and 91 colleges in Moscow. In addition, there are 222 institutions providing higher education, of which 60 are state universities. The universities include Lomonosov Moscow State University, founded in 1755. The university has 30,000 undergraduate and 7,000 postgraduate students who can study in 29 faculties and 450 departments.
The library of Moscow State University has more than 9 million books, making it the largest library in Russia. The university is the center of international attention and has attracted 11,000 foreign students, most of whom come to Moscow to learn Russian.
In addition, Bowman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow Conservatory, Gerasimov All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography, Moscow State Institute of International Relations, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow Aviation Institute and Moscow Physics Institute.
Underground electric railway station
There are five airports in Moscow, including Sherry Matyev International Airport, Domodiov International Airport, Bekovov Airport, Ostaviev International Airport and Vnukovo International Airport. Sherry Matyev is the most popular entry point for foreign travelers. The airport serves 60% of international passengers arriving in Moscow. Other airports operate flights to domestic and former Soviet states.
There are also several railway stations in Moscow, with all nine of the city's terminals located close to the city center, but they also run trains to various destinations in Europe and Asia. In addition, there are several small railway stations in Moscow. Cheap train travel is a top priority for Russians. Trans to the west of Moscow . It is the last stop of the Siberian Railway , which ends at 9,300 km from Vladivostok .
Moscow also has two river terminals for passengers, from which boats ply the Moscow and Oka rivers. In addition, there is an intercity bus depot in Moscow, which serves 25,000 passengers daily.
Local transport includes the Moscow Metro, which is known around the world for its artistic architecture and magnificent architecture. Initially in 1935, the system consisted of only one line, but now the Moscow Metro consists of 12 lines and 172 stations, most of which are underground. Completed in 2003, Park Pubidi is the deepest metro station in the world with the longest escalator in Europe. The Moscow Metro is one of the busiest metro systems in the world, serving 7 million passengers daily.
In addition, there is a network of inner city buses, trams and trolley buses. The city has 2.6 million cars running on the roads every day, and the recent surge in car purchases is causing traffic jams and parking problems.